Axon regeneration failure in the adult mammalian Central Nervous System (CNS) is partly due to inhibitory molecules associated with myelin. The Nogo receptor (NgR) plays a role in this process through an extraordinary degree of cross reactivity with three structurally unrelated myelin-associated inhibitory ligands namely; Nogo-A, Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp). The major aim of the study was to investigate and explore the cellular localisation and expression pattern of NgR and Nogo-A in the mammalian nervous system. We therefore generated a rabbit polyclonal anti-NgR antibody from the leucine rich repeat (LRR) No. 9 domain of the NgR polypeptide chain. Together with a commercially available polyclonal antibody specific for NgR and in conjunction with double labeling immunofluorescence methods on cryosections and cell cultures, NgR immunoreactivity was observed in the CNS and Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG). In cellular populations, it was confined to neuronal cell bodies and their processes. NgR was also localised on the surface of extending DRG intact axons and growth cones in live staining experiments. Nogo-A, a member of the reticulon family protein, was widely distributed in the mammalian brain, spinal cord and DRG. Intense Nogo-A immunoreactivity was also detected in oligodendrocyte cell bodies and their myelin sheaths in nerve fibre tracts of the CNS. Furthermore, numerous populations of neurons in the brain and spinal cord expressed Nogo-A to a variable extent in their cell bodies and neurites, suggesting additional, as-yet-unknown, functions of this protein. These results confirm results obtained by other researchers with different sets of antibodies. However, they also raise the question of the mechanism and circumstances under which NgR interacts with Nogo-A, as the latter appears to be confined to the cytoplasm and can therefore not be expected to bind NgR on the axon surface.