Research competency is an essential component of modern medical education, enabling future physicians to critically evaluate scientific evidence, contribute to medical knowledge, and practice evidence-based medicine. Despite increasing emphasis on research training in medical curricula, significant variations exist in students’ research knowledge, methodological skills, scientific writing abilities, and attitudes toward research participation. This review assesses the concept of research competency among medical students, examining its determinants, current educational practices, barriers to research engagement, and strategies for enhancement. Findings indicate that structured research training, mentorship programs, early exposure to scientific inquiry, and institutional support significantly improve research competency. Strengthening research education is crucial for developing competent physician-scientists capable of addressing future healthcare challenges.